An overview on anemia (KEY IJP************948)

• Ganesh Sudhakar Deshmukh

Abstract

Abstract Anemia is a prevalent blood disorder characterized by reduced hemoglobin levels or a decreased number of red blood cells (RBCs), impacting about one-third of the global population. Its causes range from genetic predispositions and immune disorders to nutritional deficiencies, with notable risks in women of reproductive age, children, and the elderly. Anemia contributes to significant health complications, including increased morbidity and mortality in women and children, adverse birth outcomes, reduced productivity in adults, and hindered cognitive development in children. The main types of anemia include iron-deficiency anemia (IDA), vitamin deficiency anemia, aplastic anemia, hemolytic anemia, sickle cell anemia, and thalassemia. These types are classified by unique characteristics, underlying biological mechanisms, and specific RBC morphologies, although overlapping symptoms can complicate diagnosis. Key pathophysiological mechanisms in anemia involve an imbalance between RBC production and destruction, often linked to inadequate erythropoiesis, excessive RBC loss, or genetic hemoglobin disorders. Nutritional intervention remains a cornerstone in anemia prevention and treatment, particularly in cases caused by iron, vitamin B12, or folate deficiencies. Iron supplementation, combined with vitamin C to improve absorption, as well as B12 and folate supplementation, are effective treatments for deficiency-related anemias. Lifestyle adjustments, such as avoiding iron absorption inhibitors, further support treatment efforts. For severe cases, blood transfusions and medications that stimulate RBC production are utilized. Prevention, early diagnosis, and prompt treatment are essential to improving individual health outcomes and promoting community-wide well-being. By addressing anemia collectively, its prevalence can be reduced, contributing to a healthier, more productive population.Keywords: anemia, red blood cells, hemoglobin, iron deficiency, vitamin B12, folate, erythropoiesis, pathophysiology, nutritional intervention.