Sickle Cell Anemia in India : challenges, Awareness and Management (KEY IJP************479)

• Bharat Pareek,Sandip Ashok Bodakhe

Abstract

Sickle Cell Anaemia (SCA) is a genetic blood disorder brought about by a mutation within the haemoglobin gene. It expresses itself through the generation of abnormal haemoglobin known as HbS, which changes the shape of the red blood cells into a characteristic sickle shape. This results in reduced oxygen-carrying capacity, painful crises, organ damage, and increased vulnerability to infections. The main geographic regions where SCA prevails include sub-Saharan Africa, the Mediterranean, and parts of Asia, with a high incidence in India among tribal populations. In India, around 2-3% of the population carries the sickle cell trait, while 0.2-0.4% is affected by the disease, although the prevalence rate is far higher in areas like Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, and Maharashtra. Despite being a genetic condition, the lack of awareness and delayed diagnosis, coupled with poor access to healthcare in rural areas, make SCA a major public health challenge. Management essentially consists of pain relief, blood transfusions, and the use of hydroxyurea, while bone marrow transplantation is a curative option for selected cases. The effort of early diagnosis by various screening programs and genetic counselling will help reduce the incidence and improve the quality of life. This review describes the prevalence, challenges in the management, and efforts at control of SCA in India, with emphasis on the need for increased access to healthcare and public awareness.